< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/byti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (present) and *bʰúHt (other forms).

Verb

*bỳti impf[1][2][3]

  1. to be

Conjugation
Conjugation of *byti (athematic, suppletive)
infinitive *byti
supine *bytъ
verbal noun *bytьje
participles present past future
active *sy *byvъ *bǫdy
passive — — —
resultative — *bylъ —
present future imperative
1st singular *esmь *bǫdǫ —
2nd singular *esi *bǫdešь *bǫdi
3rd singular *estь *bǫdetь *bǫdi
1st dual *esvě *bǫdevě *bǫděve
2nd dual *esta *bǫdeta *bǫděta
3rd dual *este *bǫdete —
1st plural *esmъ *bǫdemъ *bǫděmъ
2nd plural *este *bǫdete *bǫděte
3rd plural *sǫtь *bǫdǫtь *bǫdǫ
imperfect imperfective aorist perfective aorist
1st singular — *běxъ *byxъ
2nd singular — *bě *bystъ, *by
3rd singular *běaše *bě *bystъ, *by
1st dual — *běxově *byxově
2nd dual — *běsta *bysta
3rd dual *běašete *běste *byste
1st plural — *běxomъ *byxomъ
2nd plural — *běste *byste
3rd plural *běaxǫ *běšę *byšę

See also
  • *bъty / *bъtъvo / *bъtъva
  • *eša

Derived terms
  • *a by
  • *byto (“being, creature”)
  • *bytъ (“entity”)
  • *bytь (“culture, essence”)
  • *bytьnъ (“essential, existent”)
  • *byvъ (“former”)
  • *bǫdǫťe (“future”)
  • *bydlo (“dwelling”)
  • *bylь (“plant stem, stalk”)
  • *o by
Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-‎ (0 c, 7 e)

Descendants

Further reading
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*byti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), issue 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 155
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*bytьje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), issue 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 156
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1997), “*nebytьje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), issue 24 (*navijati (sę)/*navivati (sę) – *nerodimъ(jь)), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 109
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1975), “*bǫdǫ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), issue 2 (*bez – *bratrъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 233
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*esmь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), issue 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 32
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ne esmь, *ne esi, *ne estь/*něsmь, *něsi, *něstь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), issue 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 32
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “быть”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “бы”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “быст”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “бых”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “буду”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “будто”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “бышащее”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “несть”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “быть I”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 290
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “было́й”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 278
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бытье́”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 291
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “быт I”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 286
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бы́тый”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 290
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бы”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 269
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “быст”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 283
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бысь”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 286
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бу́ди”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 47
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бу́ду”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 53
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бу́де”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 43
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бу́дущий”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 54
  • Anikin, A. E. (2011), “бышащее”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 5 (буба – вакштаф), Moscow: Znak, →ISBN, page 293
  • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “быть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 129

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bỳti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 71: “v. (a) ‘be’”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001), “1byti: bǫdǫ bǫdetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 208, 234, 236, 260; PR 133; MP 22)”
  3. Olander, Thomas (2001), “2byti (st. by-): jesmь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c være (PR 139)”
  4. Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893), “бꙑти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎ (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 204
  5. Barkhudarov, S. G., editor (1975), “быти”, in Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв. [Dictionary of the Russian Language: 11ᵗʰ–17ᵗʰ cc.] (in Russian), issue 1 (а – бяшенина), Moscow: Nauka, page 366
  6. “буть (letter no. 68)”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  7. Zaliznyak, Andrey (2004), “бꙑти”, in Древненовгородский диалект [Old Novgorod dialect] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Moscow: Languages of Slavic Cultures, →ISBN, page 714
  8. “buiti”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 4 (2.2/159r), line 42
  9. “choku biti”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 1 (1.1/78r), line 7
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