U+9999, 香
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9999

[U+9998]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+999A]
U+2FB9, ⾹
KANGXI RADICAL FRAGRANT

[U+2FB8]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FBA]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 186, 香+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木日 (HDA), four-corner 20609, composition )

  1. Kangxi radical #186, .

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/香
  • , 𡎟, 𪬏, , 楿, 𤋭, 𤧘, 𥔜, , 𧪑, 𧯅, 𧹰, 𧽂, 𮠷, 𪨝, 𮬀, 𪋒
  • 𠝲, 𧯄, , , 𥔡, 𥧎, 𩤹, , , 𤼍, ,

Descendants

  • Japanese: 𛀠 (hentaigana)

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1428, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44518
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1955, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4423, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9999

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (glutinous millet) + (mouth).

In the seal script, the was replaced with the related (“sweet”).

Currently, the has simplified into , and the form of the bottom component has become akin to the unrelated or .

Etymology 1

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
𪏰

Pronunciation


Note:
  • hiuⁿ/hioⁿ - vernacular;
  • hiong/hiang - literary (hiang - limited in General Taiwanese, e.g. 香油, 五香).
Note:
  • hiên1/hion1 - vernacular (hiên1 - Chaozhou);
  • hiang1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wugniu: 1shian
      • Wiktionary Romanisation: 1xian
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiã⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: xian1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕɪ̯æn³³/

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiɑŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ɕiaŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ɕiɑŋ²¹/
Jinan /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ɕiaŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /ɕiaŋ²¹/
Xining /ɕiɔ̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Ürümqi /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /ɕiã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ɕiaŋ³¹/
Hefei /ɕiɑ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕiɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɕiã⁵³/
Suzhou /ɕiã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ɕiɑŋ³³/
Wenzhou /ɕi³³/
Hui Shexian /ɕia³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiau¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕian³³/
Xiangtan /sian³³/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /hioŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /hioŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hœŋ⁵³/
Nanning /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hiɔŋ⁵⁵/
/hiũ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hyoŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xiɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hiaŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hiaŋ²³/
/hio²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (32)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter xjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/hɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/hiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/xiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/hɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/xiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/xĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hoeng1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xiāng
Middle
Chinese
‹ xjang ›
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/
English fragrance

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 13591
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/

Definitions

  1. fragrant; fragrance
    Antonym:
  2. (of food) aromatic; delicious-smelling
  3. (of eating) having the appearance that one really enjoys the food; (of sleep) sound
  4. (Internet slang) wonderful; enjoyable (in general)
  5. popular
  6. perfume
  7. (religion) joss stick; incense (Classifier: m; )
  8. (figurative) woman
  9. (chiefly Wu) to kiss
  10. (Cantonese, euphemistic) to die
Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

  • Indonesian: hio (joss stick, incense)

Etymology 2

trad.
simp. #

Pronunciation


Definitions

  1. (Min Nan) Alternative form of (fragrant)

References

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term

Grade: 4
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Noun

() • (ka) 

  1. a pleasant smell; a scent, a fragrance, an aroma
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
きょう
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (xjang).

Pronunciation

Noun

(きょう) • (kyō) きやう (kyau)?

  1. Clipping of 香車.

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
こう
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (xjang). Compare Vietnamese hương (fragrance; incense).

Pronunciation

Noun

(こう) • () かう (kau)?

  1. incense
    Synonym: 御香 (okō)

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource (eum (hyang))

  1. Hanja form? of (fragrance; perfume; incense).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: hương (()(lương)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: nhang[2][3][6][4][5][7], hương[1][2][4][7], hang[1], nhàng[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hương (fragrance; incense).
  2. Nôm form of nhang (incense).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Hồ (1976).
  7. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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