越

越 (Kangxi radical 156, 走+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土人戈女 (GOIV), four-corner 4380₅, composition ⿺走戉)

• 𠾲, 𢵼, 𣾼, 樾, 𭸩, 𦅲, 𧑅, 𫌐, 𨅿, 𨬓, 𪆧, 𪒥, 𬷲, 𪽸

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1216, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 37110
• Dae Jaweon: page 1686, character 11
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3480, character 2
• Unihan data for U+8D8A

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad) : semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross.

戉 (yuè) or 鉞 (yuè): large battle-axe used as a symbol of authority in ancient China.

“to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn”

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”).

Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007).

“modal particle”

Related to 曰 (OC *ɢʷad), 于 (OC *ɢʷa) and 粵 (OC *ɢʷad) (Wang, 1982).

“Yue; Viet; State of Yue”

Related to 粵 (OC *ɢʷad, “Yue; Cantonese”).

This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty.

See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.

越

1. to pass over; to cross; to cross over
2. to go over; to climb over; to jump over

   翻山越嶺／翻山越岭  ―  fānshānyuèlǐng  ―  to pass over mountains and ridges

3. (of time) to pass; to go through
4. (figurative) to go outside of; to exceed; to surpass; to overstep; to transgress

   超越  ―  chāoyuè  ―  to surpass

   越界  ―  yuèjiè  ―  to overstep a boundary

5. to propagate; to spread; to publicise
6. to disperse; to scatter; to fade away
7. to fall; to relax; to become loosened
8. (literary) to rob; to seize by force
9. (Min Nan) to turn; to turn around

   越頭／越头 [Hokkien]  ―  oa̍t-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to turn one's head

10. more; -er

    越……越……  ―  yuè...... yuè......  ―  the more ..., the more ...

    越來越……／越来越……  ―  yuèláiyuè......  ―  to become increasingly ...

11. Ancient meaningless sentence-initial modal particle.
12. (～人, ～族) The Yue or Viet: collective name for numerous ancient non-Han tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam; Baiyue.
13. (historical) (～國) The State of Yue: ancient state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history, in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu.
14. General name for the region of southern China, especially the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.
15. Name for the Zhejiang province of China, especially the eastern parts of the province or areas in the vicinity of Shaoxing city.
16. Short for 越南 (“Vietnam”).
17. a surname

• (more):

• → Vietnamese: vượt (“to pass over”)

越

1. ^† (music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument
2. ^† to bore a hole; to drill a hole

• “越”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• “Entry #9071”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. pass over

• Go-on: えち (echi)^{←ゑち (weti, historical)}; おち (ochi)^{←をち (woti, historical)}; がち (gachi)^{←ぐわち (gwati, historical)}
• Kan-on: えつ (etsu, Jōyō)^{←ゑつ (wetu, historical)}; かつ (katsu)^{←くわつ (kwatu, historical)}
• Kun: こえる (koeru, 越える, Jōyō)^{←こえる (koeru, 越える, historical)}; こす (kosu, 越す, Jōyō)^{←こす (kosu, 越す, historical)}

• 越境
• 越権
• 越度
• 越南
• 僭越
• 超越

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot|hwat).

• IPA^(key): [e̞t͡sɨᵝ]

越(えつ) • (etsu) ^{←ゑつ (wetu)?}

1. pass over; cross over; go over
2. pass; go through (of time)
3. exceed; surpass; transgress (limit, extent)

越(えつ) • (Etsu) ^{←ゑつ (wetu)?}

1. (historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China
2. Abbreviation of 越南 (Etsunan, “Vietnam”).

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot).

越 (eumhun 넘을 월 (neomeul wol))

1. Hanja form^? of 월 (“pass over”).

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hwat).

越 (eumhun 부들자리 활 (budeuljari hwal))

1. (literary Chinese) Hanja form^? of 활 (“small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument”).

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

越: Hán Việt readings: việt[1][2][3]
越: Nôm readings: vượt[1][2][3][4], việt[1][2][5], vớt[1][2], vẹt[1][4], vát[4][5], vịt[1], vọt[1], vợt[1], nhông[3], vác[3], vót[3], vệt[3]

1. chữ Hán form of Việt (“short for Việt Nam”).
2. Nôm form of vượt (“to exceed; to cross over”).