See also: and
U+66F4, 更
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F4

[U+66F3]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+66F5]

U+F901, 更
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F901

[U+F900]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F902]

Translingual

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 73, +3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 10506, composition )

Derived characters

References

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意会意) , showing two chariots (). Later was added and a omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (), a phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, two chariots) + semantic (hand holding a whip; action). The remaining eventually corrupted into a shape similar to .

Pronunciation 1


Note: “jīng” - literary variant for sense “to experience”.
Note: literary reading.
Note:
  • 1ken - literary;
  • 1kan - vernacular.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 更 (換)
Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kəŋ²¹/
Jinan /kəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kəŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kəŋ²¹/
Xining /kə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /kɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ken²¹³/
Kunming /kə̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kən³¹/
Hefei /kən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ¹¹/ ~換
/t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五~
Pingyao /kəŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kã⁵³/
/kəŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /kã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ken³³/
Wenzhou /kiɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³¹/
/kɛ³¹/ 打~
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kən³³/
Xiangtan /kən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɑŋ⁴²/ 打~
Hakka Meixian /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ⁵³/
Nanning /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kĩ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kaiŋ³³/
/kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三~
Shantou (Min Nan) /keŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ²³/
/kɔŋ²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/kaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨjŋ/
Li
Rong
/kɐŋ/
Wang
Li
/kɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
gēng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gang1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
gēng
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæng ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁraŋ/
English change (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 866
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːŋ/

Definitions

  1. to change; to replace
  2. to take turns; to rotate
  3. to experience
  4. 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)

Compounds

  • 厲精更始厉精更始
  • 堂構更新堂构更新
  • 改姓更名
  • 改弦更張改弦更张 (gǎixiángēngzhāng)
  • 更代 (gēngdài)
  • 更休
  • 更僕難數更仆难数
  • 更動更动 (gēngdòng)
  • 更化
  • 更名 (gēngmíng)
  • 更名改姓
  • 更唱
  • 更始 (gēngshǐ)
  • 更姓
  • 更定 (gēngdìng)
  • 更審更审
  • 更年
  • 更年期 (gēngniánqī)
  • 更弦易轍更弦易辙
  • 更張更张
  • 更換更换 (gēnghuàn)
  • 更改 (gēnggǎi)
  • 更故
  • 更新 (gēngxīn)
  • 更新換代更新换代
  • 更易
  • 更替 (gēngtì)
  • 更次
  • 更正 (gēngzhèng)
  • 更正啟事更正启事
  • 更番 (gēngfān)
  • 更相
  • 更立
  • 更端
  • 更行
  • 更衣 (gēngyī)
  • 更衣室 (gēngyīshì)
  • 更訂更订
  • 更調更调
  • 更變更变
  • 更賦更赋
  • 更迭 (gēngdié)
  • 朝更夕改
  • 朝更暮改
  • 洗削更革
  • 洗盞更酌洗盏更酌
  • 滌故更新涤故更新
  • 萬象更新万象更新 (wànxiànggēngxīn)
  • 紛更纷更
  • 與民更始与民更始
  • 解弦更張解弦更张
  • 變更变更 (biàngēng)
  • 除舊更新除旧更新

Pronunciation 2


Note: vernacular reading.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/kaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨjŋ/
Li
Rong
/kɐŋ/
Wang
Li
/kɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
gēng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gang1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
gēng
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæng ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁraŋ/
English change (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 866
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːŋ/

Definitions

  1. (historical) watch (of a sentry)
       sāngèng   third watch
  2. (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
  3. (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period
    一日 [Cantonese, trad.]
    一日 [Cantonese, simp.]
    jat1 jat6 saam1 gaang1, mui5 gaang1 baat3 go3 zung1. [Jyutping]
    [There are] three shifts each day, eight hours each shift.

Compounds

  • 三更
  • 三更半夜
  • 三更四鼓
  • 九更天
  • 二五更
  • 五更 (wǔgēng)
  • 五更三點五更三点
  • 五更天
  • 五更雞五更鸡
  • 五更頭五更头
  • 交更 (Cantonese)
  • 值更
  • 八更
  • 初更 (chūgēng)
  • 午更 (ng5 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 半夜三更 (bànyèsāngēng)
  • 司更
  • 嚴更严更
  • 坐更
  • 夜半三更 (yèbànsāngēng)
  • 夜更 (je6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 夜靜更深夜静更深
  • 夜靜更長夜静更长
  • 夜靜更闌夜静更阑
  • 守更
  • 定更
  • 打更 (dǎgēng)
  • 拎更 (Cantonese)
  • 持更
  • 換更换更 (Cantonese)
  • 攞更𫽋更 (Cantonese)
  • 日更 (Cantonese)
  • 早更 (Cantonese)
  • 更亭 (Cantonese)
  • 更份 (Cantonese)
  • 更夜
  • 更夫 (gēngfū)
  • 更房
  • 更樓更楼
  • 更次
  • 更深 (gēngshēn)
  • 更深人靜更深人静
  • 更深半夜
  • 更深夜靜更深夜静
  • 更漏
  • 更籌更筹
  • 更籤更签
  • 更表 (gaang1 biu2) (Cantonese)
  • 更長夢短更长梦短
  • 更長漏永更长漏永
  • 更闌更阑
  • 更闌人靜更阑人静
  • 更頭更头
  • 更點更点
  • 更鼓
  • 更鼓敲盡更鼓敲尽
  • 替更 (tai3 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 深更 (shēngēng)
  • 深更半夜 (shēngēngbànyè)
  • 漏盡更闌漏尽更阑
  • 率更
  • 當更当更 (dong1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 直落更 (Cantonese)
  • 看更
  • 知更鳥知更鸟 (zhīgēngniǎo)
  • 編更编更 (pin1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 落更 (lok6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 調更调更 (diu6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 買更买更 (Cantonese)
  • 賣更卖更 (Cantonese)
  • 起更
  • 輪更轮更 (leon4 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 巡更 (xúngēng)
  • 追更 (zeoi1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 連更徹夜连更彻夜
  • 頂更顶更 (ding2 gaang1) (Cantonese)
  • 鬼打更
  • 黑更半夜
  • 鼉更鼍更

Pronunciation 3


Note: literary reading.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 更 (加)
Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /kəŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /kəŋ⁵³/
Jinan /kəŋ²¹/
Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /kəŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /kə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /kəŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /kə̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /kɤŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /kən³⁵/
Chengdu /kən¹³/
Guiyang /ken²¹³/
Kunming /kə̃¹/
Nanjing /kən⁴⁴/
Hefei /kən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /kəŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /kəŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /kən⁵¹/
Hangzhou /ken⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /kiɛ⁴²/
Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³²⁴/
Tunxi /kiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kən⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kən⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ken⁵³/
Taoyuan /ken⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ³³/
Nanning /kɐŋ³³/
Hong Kong /kɐŋ³³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ²¹/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaiŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kaiŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /keŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ³⁵/
/kɔŋ³⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (109)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨjŋH/
Li
Rong
/kɐŋH/
Wang
Li
/kɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
gèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gang3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
gèng
Middle
Chinese
‹ kængH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁraŋ-s/
English still more

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 879
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːŋs/

Definitions

  1. more; even more
    裙子漂亮   Wǒ de qúnzi gèng piàoliang!   My skirt is even more beautiful!
    加拿大房子美國 [MSC, trad.]
    加拿大房子美国 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiānádà de fángzi bǐ Měiguó de gèng guì. [Pinyin]
    Canadian homes are even more expensive than American homes.
  2. (literary or Hong Kong) further; also

Compounds

  • 更上一層樓更上一层楼 (gèngshàngyīcénglóu)
  • 更上層樓更上层楼
  • 更不消說更不消说
  • 更且
  • 更做
  • 更做到
  • 更做道
  • 更則道更则道
  • 更加 (gèngjiā)
  • 更勝一籌更胜一筹
  • 更待何時更待何时 (gèng dài héshí)
  • 更待干罷更待干罢
  • 更復更复
  • 更甚
  • 更生
  • 更生人
  • 更生保護更生保护
  • 更轉一竿更转一竿
  • 自力更生
  • 那更

Descendants

  • Vietnamese: càng

References

Japanese

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. grow late
  2. night watch
  3. of course
  4. renew

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
さら
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
さら2
[noun] something new and unused
[proper noun] a female given name
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
こもごも
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
こもごも
[adverb] alternating; one after another
[adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
Alternative spellings
交々, ,
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term

Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
[noun] growing late
[noun] Short for 深田(ふけだ) (fukeda, muddy rice field​).
Alternative spelling
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
こう
Grade: S
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

(こう) • () かう (kau)?

  1. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese (MC kaengH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〮 (Yale: kóyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527다시 ᄀᆡᆼ[1]Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Early Modern Korean
TextFinal (韻)Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751다시 ᄀᆡᆼRecorded as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (Yale: koyng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
  1. 去聲

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kɛ(ː)ŋ] ~ [ke̞(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 다시 (dasi gaeng))

  1. Hanja form? of (again).

Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese (MC kaeng).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (Yale: kòyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527고틸 ᄀᆡᆼRecorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Early Modern Korean
TextFinal (韻)Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751고칠Recorded as Early Modern Korean  (Yale: kyeng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

Pronunciation

Hanja

(eumhun 고칠 (gochil gyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of (to change; to fix).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][3]
: Nôm readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][2], cành[1], gánh[2], ngạnh[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of canh (to watch; to guard).

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
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