< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ikъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-eikas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eykos. Cognate with Latvian -ieks (< -eikas). The *-i in *-ikъ thus reflects the Proto-Indo-European diphthong *ey, which explains the lack of the third palatalization. Lithuanian -ykas reflects earlier -inīkas, and is not a cognate. Probably not related to Sanskrit -ईक (-īká) and Latin -icō.

Suffix

*-ikъ m

  1. Denominal, forming diminutives.
    *nožь (“knife”) → *nožikъ (“a small knife”)
    *větrъ (“wind”) → *větrikъ (“breeze”)
    *listъ (“leaf”) → *listikъ (“a small leaf”)
    *bobъ (“broad bean”) → *bobikъ (“(a small) broad bean”)
  2. Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of a property.
    *zoltъ (“golden”) → *zoltikъ (“something golden”)
    *porzdьnъ (“empty”) → *porzdьnikъ (“feast, holiday, festival”)
    *moldъ (“young”) → *moldikъ (“something or somebody young”)
    *malъ (“small”) → *malikъ (“something or somebody small”)

Declension
Declension of *-ikъ (hard o-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-ikъ *-ika *-ici
genitive *-ika *-iku *-ikъ
dative *-iku *-ikoma *-ikomъ
accusative *-ikъ *-ika *-iky
instrumental *-ikъmь, *-ikomь* *-ikoma *-iky
locative *-icě *-iku *-icěxъ
vocative *-iče *-ika *-ici
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Usage notes

The diminutive function is productive in North Slavic. In South Slavic languages diminutive formations only exist in relics, mostly in Slovene.

Derived terms
  • *-nikъ (appended to the past participle of verbs in *-nъ)
  • *-ьnikъ (with *-ьn- element abstracted away from denominal derivations on *-ьnъ)
  • *-ica (feminine counterpart)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -икъ (-ikŭ)
      • Old Ruthenian: -икъ (-ik)
        • Belarusian: -ік (-ik)
        • Ukrainian: -ик (-yk)
      • Russian: -ик (-ik)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: -икъ (-ikŭ)
      Glagolitic script: -ⰹⰽⱏ (-ikŭ)
    • Bulgarian: -ик (-ik)
    • Macedonian: -ик (-ik)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -ик
      Latin script: -ik
    • Slovene: -ik
  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: -ík
    • Polish: -ik, -yk
    • Slovak: -ík
    • Slovincian: -ǐḱ
    • Sorbian:
      • Upper Sorbian: -ik

References
  • Šekli, Matej (2012), “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎ (in Slovene), volume 10, issue 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
  • Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1974), “*-ikъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 1 (a – bьzděti), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 90
  • J. Halla-aho (2006): "Nouns in */-k-o-/ " in Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology, University of Helsenki, p. 70
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