Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

A PIE interrogative-indefinite paradigm built from the stems *kʷi- and *kʷe- (parallel to anaphoric *i-, *e-), the former on nom. and acc. cases of all genders, the latter elsewhere, with no distinction of feminine forms, mostly "human" – "non-human". A stem *kʷo-, an o-stem adjective, with its corresponding feminine *kʷeh₂-, was originally separate, but in most languages there was some conflation with the other two, as it is from this function that the relative pronoun evolves. Ultimately from *kʷ-.

Pronoun

*kʷís

who, what (interrogative)
who, which, that (relative)

Declension

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷís	*kʷís	*kʷíd	*kʷéyes	*kʷéyes	*kʷíh₂
accusative	*kʷím	*kʷím	*kʷíd	*kʷíms	*kʷíms	*kʷíh₂
genitive	*kʷésyo	*kʷésyo	*kʷésyo	*kʷéysom	*kʷéysom	*kʷéysom
dative	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*kʷeybʰ-	*kʷeybʰ-	*kʷeybʰ-
locative	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu

Robert Beekes's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷé	*kʷé	*kʷíd	*kʷéy	*kʷéy	*kʷíh₂
accusative	*kʷím	*kʷím	*kʷíd	*?	*?	*kʷíh₂
genitive	*kʷéso	*kʷéso	*kʷéso	*?	*?	*?
ablative	*kʷéd?	*kʷéd?	*kʷéd?	*?	*?	*?
dative	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*?	*?	*?
locative	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*?	*?	*?
instrumental	*kʷéy	*kʷéy	*kʷéy	*?	*?	*?

Determiner

*kʷós

which, what

Declension

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷós	*kʷéh₂	*kʷód	*kʷóy	*kʷeh₂(e)s	*kʷeh₂
accusative	*kʷóm	*kʷéh₂m	*kʷód	*kʷóms	*kʷeh₂ms	*kʷeh₂
genitive	*kʷósyo	*?	*kʷósyo	*?	*?	*?
dative	*kʷósmey	*?	*kʷósmey	*?	*?	*?

Robert Beekes's reconstruction
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷó	*kʷéh₂	*kʷód	*kʷóy	*kʷéh₂es?	*kʷh₂?
accusative	*kʷóm	*?	*kʷíd	*?	*?	*kʷíh₂
genitive	*kʷóso	*?	*kʷóso	*?	*?	*?
ablative	*kʷósmōd?	*?	*kʷósmōd?	*?	*?	*?
dative	*kʷósmōy	*?	*kʷósmōy	*?	*?	*?
locative	*kʷósmi	*?	*kʷósmi	*?	*?	*?
instrumental	*kʷóy	*?	*kʷóy	*?	*?	*?

Derived terms

*kʷi-h₂
- Proto-Albanian:
  - >? Albanian: sa (“how much”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: σᾰ́ (sá, “what?”)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷiā
  - Latin: quia (“because”) (see there for further descendants)
*kʷo-tero-
*kʷo-s-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoyyos
  - Ancient Greek: ποῖος (poîos) - ποιός (poiós)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷojjos
  - Old Latin: quoius
    - Latin: cuius
*kʷo-ti
- Proto-Italic: *kʷot
  - Latin: quot
*kʷo-ty-o
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷotsos
  - Ancient Greek: πόσος (pósos) - ποσός (posós)
*kʷo-m
- Proto-Germanic: *hwan (“at what time, when”) (see there for further descendants)
*kʷo-bʰí
- Proto-Anatolian: *kʷobí
  - Hittite: 𒆪𒉿𒁉 (ku-wa-pí)
- Italic:
  - Latin: ubi, ne-cubi, ali-cubi
  - Oscan: 𐌐𐌖𐌚 (puf)[1]
  - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌚𐌄 (pufe)
*kʷós-tos
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóstos
  - Ancient Greek: πόστος (póstos)

Descendants

The following lists the descendants of both *kʷís and *kʷós, as they were usually confused and merged together to various degrees.

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷís- not found

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷís, *kʷo- (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ի- (i-), հի- (hi-), ո (o), ով (ov), որ (or), քան (kʿan)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kas, *ki (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *kʷēs (from *kʷís), *kʷid (from *kʷíd) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *hwaz (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: τίς (tís) - τις (tis), ποῦ (poû) - πού (poú) (< *kʷosyo), ποῖ (poî) - ποι (poi), πῇ (pêi) - πῃ (pēi), πῶς (pôs) - πως (pōs), πότε (póte) - ποτέ (poté), πόθεν (póthen), ὅστις (hóstis), ἄσσα (ássa), ἕκαστος (hékastos), ποδαπός (podapós), πηλίκος (pēlíkos), πηνίκα (pēníka), πῆμος (pêmos)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kíš, *kás, *kím
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kíṣ, *kás, *kím
  - Sanskrit: किम् (kím, “what?”), कः (káḥ), किस् (kís, “who/whether?”)
    - Hindi: किस (kis, oblique), को (ko) (dialectal)
- Proto-Iranian: *číš, *káh, *čím
  - Avestan: 𐬐𐬋‎ (kō), 𐬗𐬌𐬱‎ (ciš)
  - Northern Kurdish: kî (“who”), kê (“whom”), çi (“what”), kîjan (“which”)
  - Persian: که‎ (ke), چه‎ (če), چی‎ (či)
  - Pashto: څه‎ (tse)
  - Sogdian: [script needed] (čw)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ci)
  - Ossetian: цы (cy)
  - Khotanese: 𐨕𐨂‎ (cu)
Proto-Italic: *kʷis, *kʷoi (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: quis, quī, quia, cum, quam, cūr, ubī, cūius (< *kʷosyo), quoque, quālis, ut, unde
Phrygian: κιν (kin)
Proto-Tocharian: *kuse (from *kʷisó < *kʷís)
- Tocharian A: kus
- Tocharian B: kᵤse
From instrumental singular *kʷéy:
- Proto-Albanian: *tśei?
  - Albanian: se
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kei
  - Proto-Slavic: *či (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hwī (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷei
  - Latin: quei > quī (see there for further descendants)
From instrumental singular *kʷóy:
- Proto-Albanian: *kai
  - >? Albanian: që
- Proto-Italic: *kʷoi (see there for further descendants)

References

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN