< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ka

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms
  • *-ke

Suffix

*-ka

  1. Suffix expressing the dative case.
    ‎*at (“horse”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*atka (“to a horse”)

Usage notes
  1. The third person possessive suffix is merges unstable n and -k- to form -ŋa.
    ‎*anïŋ ebi (“his/her/its house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*anïŋ ebiŋe (“to his/her/its house”)
  2. Words with first person and second person possessive suffixes already end with m and ŋ. In such cases, k decreases.
    ‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋ (“your house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋe (“to your house”)
    ‎*bẹniŋ ebim (“my house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*bẹniŋ ebime (“to my house”)
  3. When first and second person singular pronouns take it, they switch to a back voweled environment.
    ‎*sẹ (“you”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*saŋa (“to you”)
    ‎*bẹ (“I”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*baŋa (“to me”)
  4. If it comes after an n sound, it turns into an ŋ sound.
    ‎*be(n-) (“I”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*baŋa (“to me”)
    ‎*biŕ(in-) (“we”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*biŕiŋe (“to us”)
  • *-ni (“accusative case”)
  • *-niŋ (“genitive case”)
  • *-de (“locative case”)
  • *-den (“ablative case”)
  • *-gerü (“allative case”)
  • *-če (“equative case”)

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Bulgar: نَ-‎ (-ne, -na)
  • Common Turkic:
  • Arghu
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: -a, -ya
      • Ottoman Turkish:
  • Karluk:
  • Kipchak:
    • South Kipchak:
      • Kazakh: -га (-ga)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰀-‎ (-ke)
    • North Siberian:
      • Yakut: -га (-ga), -гэ (-ge), -ка (-ka), -кэ (-ke), -ҕа (-ğa), -ҕэ (-ğe)
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