< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/govorъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawaras, from Proto-Indo-European *gowH-oro-s, from *g⁽ʷ⁾ewH- (“to call, name”). Cognate with Latvian gaura (“chatter”). Cognate with Sanskrit जोगुवे (jóguve, “to call, to invoke”), Ancient Greek γόος (góos, “wailing, weeping”).

Noun

*gȍvorъ m[1][2]

  1. (originally) prattle, grumble
    Synonyms: *rъpъtъ, *bъltanьje
  2. (eventually) vocalization, utterance
  3. (abstract) talk, speech
    Synonym: *rěčь
  4. (by extension) vernacular (style of talking)

Alternative forms
  • *gavorъ
    • ⇒ Polish: gaworzyć
  • *govora f (ā-stem)
  • *govorь f (i-stem), *govori f (ī-stem)

Declension
Declension of *gȍvorъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
singular dual plural
nominative *gȍvorъ *gȍvora *gȍvori
genitive *gȍvora *govorù *govòrъ
dative *gȍvoru *govoromà *govoròmъ
accusative *gȍvorъ *gȍvora *gȍvory
instrumental *gȍvorъmь, *gȍvoromь* *govoromà *govorý
locative *gȍvorě *govorù *govorě̃xъ
vocative *govore *gȍvora *gȍvori
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

In Ukrainian, Slovincian:

Declension of *gȍvorъ (u-stem, accent paradigm c)
singular dual plural
nominative *gȍvorъ *gȍvory *gȍvorove
genitive *gȍvoru *govorovù *govoròvъ
dative *gȍvorovi *govorъmà *gȍvorъmъ
accusative *gȍvorъ *gȍvory *gȍvory
instrumental *gȍvorъmь *govorъmà *govorъmì
locative *govorú *govorovù *gȍvorъxъ
vocative *govoru *gȍvory *gȍvorove

Derived terms

Verbs:

  • *govorìti (“to talk, to speak”)
  • *govorъkati (“to chatter, to mumble”)

Nouns:

  • *dogovorъ (“contract, agreement”)
  • *jьzgovorъ (“pronunciation”)
  • *nagovorъ (“verbal dispute, slander”), *nagovorъka (“chitter-chatter”)
  • *pergovorъ (“negotiation”)
  • *pоgovorъ, *pоgovorъka (“proverb, saying”)
  • *prigovorъ (“objection, verdict”)
  • *progovorъ (“utterance”)
  • *ogovorъ (“slander”) (East Slavic)
  • *otъgovorъ (“response”)
  • *orzgovorъ (“conversation”)
  • *sъgovorъ (“concord”)
  • *ugovorъ, *ugovorъka (“agreement”)
  • *vygovorъ (“rebuke”)
  • *zagovorъ (“conspiracy, complot”)

Adjectives:

  • *govorьnъ, *govorьskъ (“related to speech, vocalization”)
  • *gavьra (“ridicule, mockery”)
  • *gvarъ, *gvara (“vernacular, idiom”)
  • *gutorъ (“talk, discussion”)
  • *gǫsti, *gǫděti (“to make noise, to drone, to play music”)
  • *žugati, *žuxati (“to drone, to hum, to creak”) (possibly)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: говоръ (govorŭ)
      • Belarusian: го́вар (hóvar) (dialectal)
        • ⇒ Belarusian: гаво́рка (havórka) (standard)
      • Russian: го́вор (góvor); гово́ра f (govóra) (dialectal)
      • Ukrainian: го́вір (hóvir) (u-stem); гово́р (hovór) (dialectal)
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: hovor
    • Kashubian: gòwôr
    • Slovak: hovor
    • Slovincian: govår (u-stem)

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “говор”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. & suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*govorъ/*govora”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 76
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “говор”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 258

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gȍvorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 181: “m. o ‘talk’”
  2. Snoj, Marko (2016), “govor”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gȍvorъ”
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