Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaśar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

**Proto-Semitic numbers ^(edit)**
← 1	← 9	10	100 →	1,000 →
		1
Cardinal: *ʕaśar-

Numeral

*ʕaśar-

ten

Usage notes

This number exhibited chiastic concord (gender polarity), in which masculine forms were used to agree with feminine nouns, and feminine forms with masculine nouns.

Inflection

Declension of *ʕaśar-

Case	m	f
Nominative	*ʕaśarum	*ʕaśaratum
Genitive	*ʕaśarim	*ʕaśaratim
Accusative	*ʕaśaram	*ʕaśaratam

Descendants

From *ʕaśar-um (nominative absolute)

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌋 f (ešerum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشْر‎ f (ʕašr), عُشَار‎ (ʕušār)
    - Maltese: għaxar
    - → Bengali: আসর (aśor)
  - Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśrum f[1]
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓‎ f (ʕšr /⁠ʕaśar⁠/)[2]
      
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓‎ f (ʿsr /⁠ʿasar⁠/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܣܲܪ‎ f (ʕsar)
      - Turoyo: ܥܣܰܪ‎ f (csar)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܐܶܥܣܰܪܐ‎ f (ʔeʕsar)
    - Canaanite:
      - Biblical Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר‎ f (ʿéśer)[1]
        Israeli Hebrew: עֶשֶׂר‎ f (éser)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓ‎ f (ʕšr /⁠ʔešer⁠/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤎𐤓‎ f (ʿsr)[3]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓‎ f (ʿšr)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗 f (ʿšr /⁠ʿašru⁠/)[4]
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Sabaean: 𐩲𐩦𐩧𐩣‎ f (ʕs₂rm /⁠ʕas₂arum⁠/)[5]
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዐሥሩ f (ʿäśru)
  - Tigre: ዐስር f (ʿäsr)

From *ʕaśar-at-um (nominative absolute)

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌋 m (ešertum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَشَرَة‎ m (ʕašara)
    - Egyptian Arabic: عشرة‎ (ʕašaṛa)
    - Maltese: għaxra
    - Moroccan Arabic: عشرة‎ (ʕašra)
  - Northwest Semitic: *ʕaśaratum m[1]
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡓𐡄‎ m (ʿšrh /⁠ʕaśarah⁠/)
      
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡎𐡓𐡄‎ m (ʿsrh /⁠ʕasrā⁠/)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܸܣܪܵܐ‎ m (ʕesrɑ)
      - Turoyo: ܥܰܣܪܳܐ‎ m (casro)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܥܰܣܪܰܐ‎ m (ʕasra)
    - Canaanite: *ʕaśarat
      - Biblical Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה‎ m (ʿăśārâ)[1]
        Israeli Hebrew: עֲשָׂרָה‎ m (asará)
        
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠏࠔࠓࠄ‎ m (ʕšrh /⁠ʔašara⁠/)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕‎ m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿasarat⁠/, “𐤏𐤎𐤓𐤕”)[3]
        Punic: 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕‎ m (ʿšrt)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎌𐎗𐎚 m (ʿšrt /⁠ʿašratu⁠/)[4]
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዐሠርቱ m (ʿäśärtu)
  - Tigrinya: ዓሰርተ m (ʿasärtä)

References

Huehnergard, John (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 61

Benjamin D. Suchard (2019), “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243
The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak
Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019), “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529
Miller Prosser (2017), “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎, University of Chicago, Lesson 5
Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020), “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎, page 36

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[Suchard2019-1] Benjamin D. Suchard (2019), “A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew”, in The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 243

[CAL-2] The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon‎, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020, 13200: Zak

[Canaan-3] Aren M. Wilson-Wright (2019), “The Canaanite Languages”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 529

[IUG-4] Miller Prosser (2017), “Introduction to Ugaritic Grammar”, in The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog‎, University of Chicago, Lesson 5

[5] Ahmad Al-Jallad (2020), “Phonology”, in A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic‎, page 36