Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/trewd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*trewd-[1][2][3]

to push, to thrust

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *trewd-‎ (15 c, 0 e)

*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)[4]
- Proto-Albanian: * ̊truδ-
  - Albanian: ndrydh
- (perhaps) Celtic:
  - Welsh: cythrudd
- Proto-Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *troudō
  - Latin: trūdō
*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)
*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrautōną
*trowd-éye-ti (causative)[6][7]
- Proto-Albanian: *entrūda
  - Albanian: ndrydh
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *truditi
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Cyrillic: троуждити (tružditi)
        
        Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰶⰴⰻⱅⰹ (tružditi)
- Proto-Germanic: *þrautijaną
  - Old Norse: þreyta
    - Faroese: troyta
    - Icelandic: þreyta
*trowd-o-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tráudas
  - Proto-Slavic: *trudъ
    - East Slavic:
      - Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)
        Russian: труд (trud)
    - South Slavic:
      - Bulgarian: труд (trud)
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Cyrillic: троудъ (trudŭ)
        
        Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰴⱏ (trudŭ)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic: тру̑д
        
        Latin: trȗd
        
        Chakavian: trũd (Vrgada), trúd (Hvar, Novi), trũd (Orbanići)
    - West Slavic:
      - Polish: trud
      - Slovak: trud
      - Slovincian: trʉ̇́d
- Proto-Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)
*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: triū̃sas
*trud-(s)mo-
- Proto-Celtic: *trummos (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Germanic: *þrustijaną
  - Old Norse: þrysta
    - → English: thrust
- Old Irish: troit
  - Irish: troid
  - Scottish Gaelic: troid

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*treu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 651-652
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “trūdō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 630
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 498
Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “tredh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 463
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þruttōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 548
Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “ndrydh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 288
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þrautjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 545

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[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*treu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 651-652

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “trūdō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 630

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 498

[4] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “tredh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 463

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þruttōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 548

[6] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “ndrydh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 288

[7] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þrautjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 545