< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nessos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so- or *Hnedʰ-to-, from *Hnedʰ- (“to bind”); compare Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”) and नह्यति (náhyati, “to bind”).[1]

The superlative *nessamos is cognate with Oscan nessimas and Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”).[2]

A different etymology is given by Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, which connects it with Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”) (Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋‎‎ (nazdiiō‎)), from Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”), from the root *nesd- (“near”).[3] However, Proto-Celtic *swizdeti and *nizdos show that Proto-Indo-European *-sd- becomes Proto-Celtic *-zd-, which in turn becomes /θ/ in Brythonic and /d/ in Goidelic (compare also *kʷezdis becoming Gaulish *pettyā, Welsh peth and Irish cuid). It does not become Gaulish -ꟈꟈ- and Insular Celtic *-ss-. The Osco-Umbrian cognates are also inconsistent with this hypothesis.

Adjective

*nessos

  1. nearer, closer

Declension
O/ā-stem
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *nessos *nessou *nessoi
vocative *nesse *nessou *nessoi
accusative *nessom *nessou *nessoms
genitive *nessī *nessous *nessom
dative *nessūi *nessobom *nessobos
instrumental *nessū *nessobim *nessobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *nessā *nessai *nessās
vocative *nessā *nessai *nessās
accusative *nessam *nessai *nessams
genitive *nessās *nessous *nessom
dative *nessai *nessābom *nessābos
instrumental *? *nessābim *nessābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *nessom *nessou *nessā
vocative *nessom *nessou *nessā
accusative *nessom *nessou *nessā
genitive *nessī *nessous *nessom
dative *nessūi *nessobom *nessobos
instrumental *nessū *nessobim *nessobis

Usage notes

Forms a suppletive comparative to *onkus (“near”).

Derived terms
  • *nessamos (superlative)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *nesaβ̃
      • Old Breton: nesham
        • Breton: nesañ
      • Old Cornish: nesheuin
      • Middle Welsh: nessaf
    • Old Irish: nessam
    • Gaulish: neꟈꟈamon (genitive plural)

Descendants

References
  1. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*nesso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 289–290
  2. Pedersen, Holger (1909) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen (in German), volume I, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 80
  3. R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nes”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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