-ᛁᚾᚨᛉ

From Proto-Germanic *-anaz, the ending of all past participles of strong verbs, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-nós. The shift of *-an- to -in- can also be seen ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ (minino) from Proto-Germanic *mīnanǭ. For more information see Ringe 2014, pages 18-20.

-ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (-inaʀ)

1. Denotes the past participle form of a strong verb.

• This suffix causes a-umlaut in Old Norse, and is thus expected to do so already in Proto-Norse (cf. ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna, “horn”) from Proto-Germanic *hurną). This is however not certain due to the poor attestation of the language.

• ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ (haitinaʀ, “called, named”)
• ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ, “slain, beaten”)

• Old Norse: -inn
  • Icelandic: -inn
  • Faroese: -in
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: -en
  • Norwegian Bokmål: -en
  • Old Swedish: -in
    • Swedish: -en
  • Danish: -en

• Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 18-20