抽象

Chinese

		to draw out; to smoke (cigarettes); to pump	shape; form; appearance shape; form; appearance; elephant; image under a map (maths)
trad. (抽象)		抽	象
simp. ^#(抽象)		抽	象

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう) (chūshō)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chōuxiàng

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄡㄒㄧㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cau¹ zoeng⁶
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): thiu-siǒng / thiu-siōng / thiu-chhiāng

(Teochew, Peng'im): tiu¹ siang⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chōuxiàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄡㄒㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chousiàng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻou¹-hsiang⁴
  - Yale: chōu-syàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: choushianq
  - Palladius: чоусян (čousjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: cau¹ zoeng⁶
  - Yale: chāu jeuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsau¹ dzoeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ceo¹ zêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡ʃœːŋ²²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiu-siǒng
  - Tâi-lô: thiu-siǒng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiu³³ ɕiɔŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiu-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: thiu-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tiusiong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² ɕiɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ ɕiɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiu-chhiāng
  - Tâi-lô: thiu-tshiāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tiuchiang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡ɕʰiaŋ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tiu¹ siang⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiu siăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiu³³⁻²³ ɕiaŋ³⁵/

Adjective

抽象

abstract (not specific)
抽象事物 ― chōuxiàng shìwù ― abstract thing

抽象概念 ― chōuxiàng gàiniàn ― abstract concept

抽象思維／抽象思维 ― chōuxiàng sīwéi ― abstract thought

Synonyms

空洞 (kōngdòng)

Antonyms

具體／具体 (jùtǐ)

Verb

抽象

to form a general idea from particular circumstances; to abstract

Derived terms

抽象主義／抽象主义 (chōuxiàngzhǔyì)
抽象代數／抽象代数 (chōuxiàng dàishù)
抽象代數學／抽象代数学 (chōuxiàng dàishùxué)
抽象勞動／抽象劳动 (chōuxiàng láodòng)
抽象化 (chōuxiànghuà)
抽象名詞／抽象名词 (chōuxiàng míngcí)
抽象思維／抽象思维 (chōuxiàng sīwéi)
抽象畫／抽象画 (chōuxiànghuà)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
抽	象
ちゅう Grade: S	しょう Grade: 5
on’yomi	kan’on

Etymology

Appeared in the 1881 work 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Dictionary of Philosophy”) by Inoue Tetsujirō as a translation of English abstract, as opposed to concrete.[1][2][3]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ちゅうしょー [chùúshóó] (Heiban – [0])[4][1][5]
IPA^(key): [t͡ɕɨᵝːɕo̞ː]

Noun

抽(ちゅう)象(しょう) • (chūshō) ^{←ちうしやう (tiusyau)^?}

abstraction
Antonyms: 具体 (gutai), 具象 (gushō)
- 1927, 三(み)木(き)清(きよし) [Kiyoshi Miki], 唯(ゆい)物(ぶつ)史(し)観(かん)と現(げん)代(だい)の意(い)識(しき) (Yuibutsushikan to Gendai no Ishiki)‎:
  
  私(わたし)はこのことをマルクスから學(まな)んだ。それは實(じつ)にマルクスが「歴(れき)史(し)的(てき)抽(ちう)象(しやう)」（historische Abstraktion）と呼(よ)んだところの過(くわ)程(てい)である。
  Watashi wa kono koto o Marukusu kara mananda. Sore wa jitsu ni Marukusu ga “rekishiteki chūshō” (historische Abstraktion) to yonda tokoro no katei de aru.
  I learned this from Marx: he called it “historical abstraction” (historische Abstraktion).

Derived terms

抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)化(か) (chūshōka)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)画(が) (chūshōga)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)概(がい)念(ねん) (chūshō gainen)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)芸(げい)術(じゅつ) (chūshō geijutsu)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)性(せい) (chūshōsei)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)代(だい)数(すう)学(がく) (chūshō daisūgaku)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)的(てき) (chūshōteki)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)表(ひょう)現(げん)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (chūshō hyōgen shugi)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)名(めい)詞(し) (chūshō meishi)
抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)論(ろん) (chūshōron)

Verb

抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)する • (chūshō suru) ^{←ちうしやう (tiusyau)^?}suru (stem 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)し (chūshō shi), past 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)した (chūshō shita))

to grasp the abstract points

Conjugation

Conjugation of "抽象する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	抽象し	ちゅうしょうし	chūshō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	抽象し	ちゅうしょうし	chūshō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	抽象する	ちゅうしょうする	chūshō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	抽象する	ちゅうしょうする	chūshō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	抽象すれ	ちゅうしょうすれ	chūshō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	抽象せよ¹ 抽象しろ²	ちゅうしょうせよ¹ ちゅうしょうしろ²	chūshō seyo¹ chūshō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	抽象される	ちゅうしょうされる	chūshō sareru
Causative	抽象させる抽象さす	ちゅうしょうさせるちゅうしょうさす	chūshō saseru chūshō sasu
Potential	抽象できる	ちゅうしょうできる	chūshō dekiru
Volitional	抽象しよう	ちゅうしょうしよう	chūshō shiyō
Negative	抽象しない	ちゅうしょうしない	chūshō shinai
Negative continuative	抽象せず	ちゅうしょうせず	chūshō sezu
Formal	抽象します	ちゅうしょうします	chūshō shimasu
Perfective	抽象した	ちゅうしょうした	chūshō shita
Conjunctive	抽象して	ちゅうしょうして	chūshō shite
Hypothetical conditional	抽象すれば	ちゅうしょうすれば	chūshō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Descendants

→ Chinese: 抽象 (chōuxiàng)
→ Korean: 추상(抽象) (chusang)
→ Vietnamese: trừu tượng

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Inoue, Tetsujirō (1881), “哲学字彙”, in National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics‎, University of Tokyo, page 1
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
抽	象

Noun

抽象 • (chusang) (hangeul 추상)

Hanja form^? of 추상 (“abstraction”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
抽	象

Adjective

抽象

chữ Hán form of trừu tượng (“abstract”).

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[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[2] 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[3] Inoue, Tetsujirō (1881), “哲学字彙”, in National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics‎, University of Tokyo, page 1

[SMK5-4] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-5] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN